Which conditions can cause a rise in ETCO2? (Select 2)

A rise in end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) can occur due to several physiological conditions that affect carbon dioxide production and/or elimination. The correct choice of seizures can lead to an increase in ETCO2 primarily because seizures result in increased muscle activity and metabolic rate, which in turn elevates the production of carbon dioxide.

During a seizure, muscles contract vigorously and the brain's metabolic demand rises significantly, leading to enhanced carbon dioxide generation. This increase in metabolic activity typically surpasses the lung's capacity to ventilate effectively, especially if the ventilation is not actively assisted or controlled, resulting in a rise in ETCO2 levels.

Sepsis is another condition that can cause a rise in ETCO2 because it is characterized by systemic inflammation and increased cellular metabolism. In septic patients, the body's demand for oxygen is typically elevated, which leads to an increase in carbon dioxide production. This is compounded if the patient has respiratory compromise or inadequate pulmonary perfusion.

In contrast, conditions like hypothermia and pulmonary artery embolism would not typically lead to an increase in ETCO2. Hypothermia usually results in decreased metabolic rate and therefore lower carbon dioxide production, while pulmonary embolism can impair blood flow to the lungs and decrease arterial CO2 levels